In
the name of Allah, the beneficent, the merciful
UNIFORM
CIVIL CODE?
A
RELOOK AT THE PAST HAPPENINGS
V.M.
Khaleelur Rahman
Hon’ble
Union Law Minister Shri Sadananda Gowda has said that a uniform civic code (UCC)
was the need of the hour and in national interest and a step should be taken in
that direction, and added that the government would not move on the issue
without the consultation and consensus, not just within the government but with
all stakeholders. In this connection I would like to say the following:
One
wonders if a thousand debates which we witnessed on the Supreme Court judgment
in the Shah Bano case and the Muslim women (protection of rights on divorce)
Act 1986 passed in Indian Parliament after a very long and thorough arguments
were not enough to conclude that Indian Muslims cannot compromise on their
fundamental and Constitutional rights such as protecting their ‘more than life’
important Islamic laws which they consider rational, reasonable and
divine-inspired.
As there
is frequent criticism of the stand taken by Muslims on the above said judgment
even after so many years of the passing of the Muslim Women Act 1986, it seems
necessary to place the Muslim points of view before the people on this
oft-repeated and never-ending controversy.
Unless we
discuss and debate things which confront us, we cannot understand and solve
them. Hence this humble attempt to make sure that in matters of faith which are
of course one’s personal affairs, there should be no interference from any
quarter at all. This is a ‘since qua non’ for unity and integrity of our
country. Let our ancient country India remain a garden of different flowers and
spread its message of unity in diversity and composite cultural heritage
without any religious fanaticism so that all people, whatever their religion or
faith, may live in peace and harmony. Our aim should be to make our country
materially prosperous and spiritually “a shining symbol or model of peace”.
The
Supreme Court judgment, delivered on April 23, 1985, in the Shah Bano Begum
case, created an unprecedented controversy in 1985 and 1986 in our country.
Indian Muslims protested strongly, en masse, against it by holding rallies,
meetings and processions throughout the country and expressing their views in
the press. In spite of a detailed debate on this issue and passing of the
historic “Muslim women (protection of rights on divorce) Act 1986”, some
politicians, writers and even people connected with the judiciary, mostly
non-Muslims, continue to ask even today, why the Muslims opposed the Supreme
Court judgment in the Shah Bano case and criticise them. Most of the people
consider it as the handiwork of Muslim clerics.
I would like to place some well known facts here for reference as this judgment
will continue to be referred to in the press, if not for anything, at least for
the sake of denigrating the Muslim community here and so we must remember what
actually happened in the case and thereafter.
Shah Bano was married to an advocate Mohammed Ahmed Khan with a maher of
Rs.3000/- They had three sons and two daughters. It seems that they lived
together for about 43 years, of course with incompatibilities. She was an
uneducated woman. The Rs.3000 maher fixed (which may be equivalent to quite a
large amount now) and other informations indicate that they hailed from middle
class families. In 1975 Shah Bano was sent out of the house. It is not clear if
she occupied the house again or lived in another house of her husband or in her
own house as after the judgment when the controversy erupted, a Hindu lady
tenant living in the house where Shah Bano lived complained to the police and
some political leaders that she was harassed by Shah Bano and her son for
paying rent to Ahmed Khan who was her Land Lord.
Shah Bano filed a petition in the judicial first class magistrate’s Court at Indore
under Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code for a maintenance of Rs.500/-
per month. The pity is that under this over-adored or over-praised Section the
maximum amount allowable for maintenance is only Rs.500/- The judicial
proceedings were dragged on for long. Meanwhile Ahmed Khan divorced her on
November 6, 1978.
Let the critics of the Muslim Personal Law note that after three years of the
filing of the petition by Shah Bano, the Magistrate ordered Ahmed Khan under
Section 125 Cr. P.C. to pay a monthly maintenance of a “princely sum” of
Rs.25/- in 1979. Even a “panchayet” or some mediators would have done justice
to her in a far more better manner. Then Shah Bano appealed to the Madhya
Pradesh High Court and got it increased to Rs.179.20. Ahmed Khan approached the
Supreme Court but this amount was upheld there with a judgment which hurt the
feelings of the Muslim community.
Immediately after the Supreme Court judgment Maulana Asad Madani visited Tamil
Nadu. A meeting was held in Vaniyambadi. He delivered his religious discourse
in his inimitable style in sweet Urdu. He referred to the age-old relations of
the Jamiat-ul-ulema-e-Hind and the Congress leaders, particularly during the
freedom struggle of our country. He drew the attention of the people to the
sacrifices made by eminent Ulema during the freedom fight and the support
extended by them to Mahatma Gandhiji. It was a very inspiring speech in a
highly nationalistic manner.
After the speech, an advocate of Madras High Court Mr. Mohammed Ghouse asked
him what he thought of the Supreme Court judgment in the Shah Bano case. His
reply was surprising to the audience there. He said that “Court kay faisalon
say kya hota hai?” Wazeer-e-Azam Janab Rajiv Gandhi nay vada kya hai aur yaqeen
dilaya hai ki woh Muslim Personal Law may mudakhilat naheen karayngay” ( What
happens from Court judgments? Prime Minister Mr. Rajiv Gandhi has assured us
that there will be no interference in the Muslim Personal Law) Then he
proceeded on to other questions put to him by a few persons there.
The fact was that the then Rajya Sabha member Maulana Asad Madani and other
ulema of his ilk were actually unaware of what had happened in the apex court.
It was something different that he started opposing it after sometime in line
with others,
It was not any Maulana or a religious leader who was responsible for the
controversy, actually a right one which brought so many things before the
people on the Shah Bano judgment. As far as I know, it was none other than Mr.
A.G. Noorani who first came out with a thought provoking and well discussed
article, published not in any religious periodical but in a popular women’s
fortnightly “Femina” under the caption “Excuse me, my Lords”. He strongly
criticized the manner in which the judgment was delivered, insulting Islam and
re-interpreting Islamic laws without any necessity. He further opined that the
judgment flouted the intent of the legislature, brushed aside the precedent and
administered its gratuitous advice on a uniform civil code.
Indian Muslims are at least as human as any other religious people. All,
whatever their religion or faith, are first human beings created in the same
manner by God. No person on the basis of his colour, creed, nationality or any
other such thing can be superior to any other person. The differences we see
among the people are for the sake of identification only. The person who is
dearer to God is the one whose character is good. This is what Islam teaches.
How can all the Muslims together think of doing any injustice to anybody or
approve any injustice?
The tone and tenor of the Supreme Court judgment irritated the Muslims most. It
made them feel alien in their own country and directly and indirectly insulted
their religion and national identity so much that they actually revolted
against it. The minority Muslim community finding itself in a dilemma over the
outbursts of remarks made by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Mr. Y.V.
Chandrachud sought a suitable remedy by a democratic process. They did not
indulge in any hooliganism in blatant violations of the rule of law or the
Constitution as was done on December 6, 1992 when the historic Babri Masjid was
“martyred” in the presence of the entire world in a brutal manner. They as law
abiding citizens of this country knocked at the door of Parliament for justice.
They were right and hence got justice in the manner they wanted.
Indian Muslims, no doubt, felt that the divorce of Shah Bano of Indore by her
advocate husband in her old age was unfortunate as divorce, according to
Prophet Mohammed (sal-am) was “permissible only as a last resort” and that “kingdom
of God trembles when it is pronounced”. In the holy Quran and traditions of the
Prophet there are many guide-lines for this undesirable act. There are also no
two opinions about the “triple divorce” on one sitting being a practice of the
days of ignorance (ayyamul jahiliyya). The holy Quran has given in clear terms
the method and a system for honourable separation of the couple if
unfortunately it becomes inevitable.
Islamic scholars always preach about the undesirability of divorce. Perhaps
because of their attempts divorce like polygamy is less prevalent among
Muslims. But unfortunately it seems to be on the increase now. It is time for
the community to gear up its preaching machinery and make people realise that
compromises and adjustments are necessary for a happy married life.
There are different countries in the world, where people belonging to
Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and other faiths live. The laws of every country
differ from those of any other country, to whichever religion it may belong.
The same laws are not in force even in those countries where religion is just
the same one. It is just the question of how a religious group or people or any
other group want them. It is actually a democratic and fundamental right of
people who have laws of their choice. If anybody thinks that only a common
civil code should be in force or be made applicable to all in a country like
India where different religious people live in considerable numbers, it is a
wrong notion, detrimental to national interests and also integrity. Things like
Sati, child marriage, caste outrages, etc. are of course in a different
category for which sanction cannot be given on religious or customary grounds.
In the same way the dowry system among Muslims which is responsible for many
evils should be discouraged in all possible ways.
If law alone can rectify the society and if there is any example of any people
eradicating evils in any country only by enacting laws in a particular way, one
can consider it. But the facts are different. Various laws, totally different
in nature, have been helpful to the people in the world. Sometimes laws have
been ineffective also as in our own country, the laws on matters like dowry,
polygamy, family planning, etc. could not bring the desired results and are
considered to be failures. One is not in a position to say with confidence what
laws should be enacted in a multi-lingual, multi-racial and multi-religious
country like India.
There is the dire necessity of giving every religious community a feeling of “at
home” in our country, which is possible only by following the well chalked out
philosophy of unity in diversity. Any attempt for “uniformity” in laws relating
to personal affairs of different religious communities can be rightly
considered as an attempt of interference in their personal laws and denial of
the fundamental rights guaranteed in the Constitution. What is more important
is national unity and integrity, and not necessarily the uniformity. Let the
Indian garden be more beautiful with its colourful flowers of different
attractive shades. Actually Indian strength is in its composite culture. That
is why the great founding fathers of our Constitution have drafted it in a
manner agreeable to all. If any changes are necessary in any personal law, they
should come from within that community in accordance with its traditional and
religious ethos.
The great pious Islamic scholars and highly respected personality Maulana Abul
Hasan Ali Nadwai, the supremo of the Muslim Personal Law Board and other
members of the Board were responsible for representing the Muslim community to
the late Prime Minister Mr. Rajiv Gandhi and getting the Muslim Women
(protection of rights on divorce) Act 1986 passed in Parliament.
When the Muslim Women Act was passed in Parliament, the Maulana made it clear
that there should be no victory processions or any other such sort of
jubilation.
Many legal experts including an unorthodox and liberal minded senior advocate
of Madras High Court Mr. Habeebullah Badsha have appreciated the Act. Mr.
Badsha says: “though the Supreme Court judgment was supposed to have been a
boon for Muslim women, the majority of the Muslim women criticized it. As a
result of this unexpected unity and sentiments of outrage expressed by Muslims,
the Parliament passed the Muslim Women (protection of rights on divorce) Act.
There was an uproar against this Act and the government was criticized for
having yielded to the so called fundamentalists among the Muslims. Time has
however proved that the Act has proved more beneficial to Muslim women than
Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code, because Courts have been awarding
heavy amounts of compensation to divorced Muslim women. This relief is not
available under Section 125 of the Cr. P.C.”
Tamil Nadu Muslims also joined the national mainstream in extending their
support, not blindly but based on reason and rationality, to the Muslim
Personal Law Board. Many meetings and seminars were held and great Islamic
scholars and eminent legal experts like Dr. Tahir Mahmood were invited to
address them.
The Tamil Nadu Muslim Graduates Association was in the forefront in
ascertaining the Muslim points of view on the subject. A seminar organized by
it on “The Rights of Muslim Women” was well attended and highly successful. The
papers presented mostly by Muslim women in different walks of life highlighted
the undeniable fact that Islam provides enough safe-guards for women.
Mrs. Muthahirunnisa was in the lime light. Not only she took part in various
gatherings, but also brought out a book, of course, after sometime, on the
importance of Islam.
When the Muslim delegation under the leadership of Maulana Abul Hasan Nadwi
sahib approached Mr. Rajiv Gandhi and apprised him of the feelings of the
Indian Muslims who constitute at least 15% of the Indian population with a rich
national and religious heritage, spread among different linguistic and cultural
groups, contributing for the betterment of our country in every field of
activity and expressed what actually had happened in the Supreme Court and what
they wanted as a remedy, he was convinced, because of his unbiased thinking
capacity and promised to do justice to the Muslim community. He fulfilled his
promise like an honest and forthright gentleman, which he definitely was.
We frequently come across remarks made by some people criticizing the Muslim
Women’s Act 1986 and asking why monthly maintenance is opposed by Muslims. One
wonders how can a rational divorced woman demand or accept any “pittance”
(maintenance) from her former husband who has already divorced her,
particularly when one of the humiliating conditions for giving maintenance is
that a divorcee who receives maintenance from her former husband is expected to
go to bed with him if he so desires. This is something, to say the least, most
undesirable and cannot be tolerated by any respectable woman. It is also
against Islamic norms and perhaps against any other religious or social codes.
It is also note-worthy that Shah Bano appealed to the Supreme Court that the
verdict be withdrawn because it amounted to interference in the Muslim personal
law. There is also reason to believe that the “kanyadan” system of marriage
among Hindus is responsible for the thinking that monthly maintenance should be
given to the divorced woman by her former husband. In the Muslim society even
after marriage a girl’s relations with her parents and other relatives are not
severed but remains intact as it was before her marriage.
Islam undoubtedly provides enough safe-guards for all including women who enjoy
an exalted status in Islam. Only Islam has given an enviable social and
dignified position and rights to women.
My question to all those who still harp on the importance of the Shah Bano
judgment and consider the Muslim Women Act as a setback to Muslim women even
though it has paid rich dividends is: What was it that Shah Bano got from
Section 125 Cr. P.C. after a long legal battle of about 10 years and what is it
that a Muslim divorcee cannot get under the provisions of the Muslim Women Act
1986?
The Chief
Justice of India, Mr. K. G. Balakrishnan said rightly sometime ago that a
uniform civil code is a highly sensitive issue in our country where people
belonging to different castes, races and communities live and explained it in
detail saying that “it took thirty years for Britishers to implement the Indian
penal code after its codification in the beginning of 1830”. It is really
welcome and appreciable. I feel that his opinion should have pleased the
minorities here particularly Muslims and Christians.
In a
plural society like India only plural laws can give a strong feeling of
nationality. Ours is a country of people belonging to different faiths and
cultures and of course they must have the laws of their respective choice. The
different personal laws in vogue now should continue to exist for the purpose
of unity and solidarity of the country. If a uniform civil code is imposed on
the unwilling minorities, it will not only be of no use, but also weaken our
country. The best way is to make the different personal laws uniform as much as
possible. There is no attempt in this respect by any quarter just because the
uncalled for obiter dicta of the Supreme Court is being exploited by communal
parties to their selfish political ends and the Muslim intellectuals who have
the interest of the community and country at heart have lost their grounds for
reforms of the Muslim personal law in the midst of rampant communal atmosphere.
There is
an urgent need for creating a right atmosphere in the country where people can
feel free to think and decide their issues. Moreover there is mention of a
uniform civil code in the Directive Principles of the Constitution and not of a
common civil code. It is well known that the Hindu laws are not the same
everywhere in the country. The tribals also enjoy their own laws and they
continue to receive support from all politicians. As the first step let the
Hindu laws be made uniform.
This
writer asked many ulemas about this issue. They say in so many words that they
cannot oppose a uniform civil code if it is within the framework of the Islamic
laws but there is no possibility of this and hence their opposition. It is
wrong to say that Muslims oppose a uniform civil code. They only oppose any
imposition of unwanted laws on them because they feel and rightly so that Islam
provides better laws which are not only for them but for all human beings of
all times. On the contrary the laws found in the Indian personal laws are not
perfect.
The
Muslims should consider that the Holy Quran has given excellent laws about
marriage, divorce, inheritance etc. which are indeed far better than the modern
laws and so they should adopt them in spirit and letter.
A majority
of Muslims oppose the unilateral and instant triple divorce system and prefer
the rational Quranic laws. The Ulema (Islamic scholars) belonging to the
Ahle-hadees school of thought simply consider this system un-Islamic and
invalid. All other Ulema also consider the instant triple system an act of the
days of ignorance (Ayyamul Jahiliyya) but “occured” if it is practised even
though it is not an approved system in the light of the holy Quran and Ahadees.
All Ulema say that divorce should only be as the last resort and there should
not be any hasty decision. There are many books written on this subject.
Moreover almost all Muslim intellectuals, including Justice V. Khalid, former
judge of the Supreme court, disapprove this system and consider it un-Islamic.
Islam
provides laws for all situations and it is our inability to make use of them
properly. And it is this inability of ours which often lands us in trouble. If
Muslims follow the Islamic laws in spirit and letter, not only they will be
benefited, but even people belonging to other faiths will come forward to
follow them because of their fairness.
The Muslim
Personal Law should continue to be in existence in our country and of course we
can and we should make necessary changes in it as time demands in the light of
the holy Quran and Ahadees. Islam provides laws meant for all times. We fail to
grasp and implement them.
